From the Song Dynasty academy to modern universities (Sheng Hong)

On a weekend, I came to Wuyi Mountain. JM EscortsIn the misty rain, I saw the majestic Jiuqu River surrounding the handsome mountains. There are countless waterfalls flowing down the mountain, and the mountain scenery is majestic and mysterious. When I climbed to the top of Tianyou Peak, a cloud and mist came over me, and I saw the surrounding mountains transform from a black scene into an ink painting; when the cloud and mist receded, the black and white scene returned to rich black. I can’t help but imagine that when Zhu Xi and his disciples were bathed in such beautiful scenery, wouldn’t it have had an important impact on their thoughts and articles? Thinking of Zhu Xi, I naturally thought of the Jingshe Jingshe ruins near Yunwo. The remains of the academy back then are almost unrecognizable, but energy seems to determine matter. An antique building called Ziyang Academy is under construction here. In the Southern Song Dynasty Jamaicans Sugardaddy, compared with Hangzhou, it was like a remote frontier today. But not only do the two have their own merits in terms of scenery, but they are also in the middle. Hangzhou is the political center, and Wuyishan is the cultural center. In Hangzhou, there are natural palaces and gardens; in Wuyi Mountain, there are natural peaks and meandering waters; in Hangzhou, there are complicated court etiquette; in Wuyi Mountain, there are open-minded academic competitions. Compared with Hangzhou, Wuyishan is more natural and transcendent. This natural and humanistic background seems to have given birth to the style of Song Dynasty. From the Tang to the Song Dynasty, Chinese society, as many writers have said, underwent a serious turning point. As the population increases, society becomes more complex, and the political structure based on the traditional wealthy families becomes increasingly difficult to control the entire society. As a result, the imperial examination system was introduced in the Tang Dynasty, which caused a further decline of the great masters of the family. Although Pre-Qin Confucianism completed the process of rationalizing primitive religion, it still did not completely transcend the family system. On the other hand, although rationalistic Confucianism could inspire scholars to transcend their lives, it relied on traditional ancestor worship to maintain their faith for ordinary people. Compared with Buddhism introduced from India, Confucianism seems to lack sanctity. Coupled with the development of industry and commerce and the advancement of science and technology, the horizons of knowledge have been expanded. Jamaica Sugar At this time, the needs of Confucianism expanded, the needs exceeded, and the needs became common. To expand, we must rely on internal resources; to transcend, we must find more sacred beliefs; to popularize, we must discover more universal principles of the universe and social principles. It is very natural. The more metaphysical and advocating natural philosophy of Lao and Zhuang becameIt was the ideological nourishment absorbed by the New Confucianism of the Song Dynasty. The dispute between “natural” and “famous religion” represents the criticism and challenge of the human system with the more transcendent, superior and eternal natural way. With the help of the concept of “Tao”, the Confucian “Heaven” can be deepened into the common rules and causes of the universe and human society, and the “Heavenly Principles” can be called out. At the level of belief, the heaven of “natural principles” is more sacred. It can not only govern the wider society, but also provide people with something to rely on. At the social level, compared to the concept of “ritual”, “natural principles” have a more universal quality. It is beyond the family and beyond the imperial power. Believing that “the principles are different,” the Confucian scholars of the Song Dynasty were not limited to the discussion of abstract “Tao” or “Heavenly Principles”. They also enriched their understanding of the consistent “Principles” in various concrete knowledge. The persistence in “studying things to gain knowledge” also made Confucianism in the Song Dynasty contain scientific elements. All of this happened in private writing sites far away from the political center. In the courtyard. In addition to Wuyi Jingshe, there are also Yuelu Academy, Bailudong Academy, Ehu Academy, Songyang Academy and so on. It should be acknowledged that official academic institutions still play an important role in the popularization and development of academics. Due to the rich resources of the government, the official school has an advantage in compiling the collection of existing documents. Xi Shixun blinked. Suddenly Jamaicans Escort he remembered the question she had just asked, a sharp question that caught him off guard. Such as the compilation of “Yongle Dadian” and “Sikuquanshu”. However, official education is not easily affected by political tendencies. It has many academic taboos, lacks innovative spirit, and easily falls into rigidityJamaicans Escort . At all times and in all countries, real academic innovation and ideological revolution almost always occurred in private academic institutions. Pre-Qin Confucianism was born in the private studies of Confucius; although Laozi was a scholar in the official library of the Zhou Dynasty, the “Moral Classic” was written after he came to the people; the Confucian revolution in the Song Dynasty appeared among the people In the academy. It is hard to imagine that there was Zhou Dunyi but not Lianxi Academy, there was Ercheng but not Songyang Academy and Yichuan Academy, there was Zhu Xi but not Yuelu Academy, Ehu Academy and Wuyi Jingshe, there was Zhang Zai but not Hengqu Chongshou Academy. . In private academies, since there are no constraints from political leanings, academics can develop in various possible directions, leading to more “unfettered thinking”; academies also have their own financial mechanisms, such as academic institutions. Farm, thus ensuring the “spirit of independence” economically; the “speech” system of the college has become a door for different thoughtsJM Escorts fair competition andThe mechanism of communication has in turn stimulated more academic innovation; “lectures” by top masters from different schools, such as the “Zhu (Xi) Zhang (Shi) Hui Lecture” at Yuelu Academy, and the “Ehu Meeting” between Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan , has become a cultural event through the ages; the college’s own students have naturally become the carriers of new ideological systems and the “market” for different ideas, which ultimately determines the fate of these academic innovations. Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that the Confucian revolution in the Song Dynasty would not have been possible without academies. The Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties, formed by the reaction of Confucianism, adapted to the changes in Chinese society after the Tang Dynasty and became China’s post-Song Jamaica Sugar The dominant ideology, thus Jamaicans Sugardaddy is a triumphant civilizational change. From the perspective of Eastern history, the rise of modern universities has helped JM Escorts complete important historical changes in the Eastern world. That is, the modernization caused by the Renaissance movement. Since the late Middle Ages, the translation of ancient Greek documents has begun in church universities. These documents obviously provided important ideological resources for the subsequent Renaissance movement. After Jamaicans Escort, the university assumed the role of forming a new cultural mainstream and intellectual innovation. Shengcaixiu stared at all this, a little shocked, a little disbelieving, and asked cautiously: “The girl is a girl, does it mean that the young master is no longer here?” Lidu is related to the nature of the university. Because most of the famous universities are non-profit private universities, any interference with thoughts has been eliminated here, so thoughts are unfettered; related to this, the universityJM EscortsThe basic spirit of Escorts encompasses different schools, different fields and even different cultures, although in practice, the last aspect is less inclusive. This can also be seen from the Latin Jamaicans Sugardaddy root ūniversus, which literally means “a particular direction” , but the actual meaning is “as a whole, all”, which is the same as universe, which means “universeJamaicans Sugardaddy“Thinking nearby. The university also has good debate JM Escorts customs and criticism rules. When I was in the School of Law at the University of Chicago Jamaica Sugar Daddy, what impressed me most was its various academic seminars. The college often invites scholars from other institutions to give lectures and then hold discussions. The ideological battle is extremely fierce. Because there is no restraint, because there is “all”, because there is fair academic competition and communication, master-level talents can be cultivated, because he can choose any combination of culture or knowledge to study without restraint, and compete in academic competitions. Inspire new JM Escorts inspiration and improve your own theory, so as to Jamaica Sugar Daddy will produce academic results we could never imagine. Now, there is no doubt that our civilization is facing new unprecedented changes. The social turmoil and changes in modern times have dealt a fatal blow to the family system; industrialization and urbanization have caused people to leave their villages, and the family system has suffered a further collapse. Social relations are increasingly not those of blood or marriage, and are therefore more transcendent and more ordinary. On the other hand, the Chinese civilization is faced with many other civilizations that are different from its own, and they use various methods, war, economy, civilization, religion and politicsJamaicans Sugardaddy challenges Chinese civilization and at the same time brings many cultural and ideological resources. Chinese people must live together with descendants of other civilizations in a global society. We need a new civilization that is more comprehensive, more sacred, and more ordinary to solve the problems we face. Wild vegetable pancakes, would you like to try your daughter-in-law’s cooking skills? “The cultural issues brought about by the new and huge social changes. We need new cultural carriers and organizations to realize this cultural task. Obviously, such an institution should be a private non-profit organization. It is unique. “Slaves also have Feel the same. ” Caiyi immediately agreed. She was unwilling to let her master stand beside her and do something according to her orders. Standing on other forces such as politics, business and media, making it transcend and unfettered, thus ensuring that it Culturally and academically Jamaicans Sugardaddy‘s innovative nature also makes it impossible to escape government allocation of resources.Prevent the abuses and ensure the purity and seriousness of academic standards. It will do its best to includeJamaica Sugar the civilization and intellectual wealth of all mankind. .com/”>Jamaica SugarThe scope of research and teaching. As a Chinese academic institution, it obviously first explores China’s rich ideological and cultural resources, especially the resources of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. As a modern academic institution, it should obviously incorporate the cultural resources of the Eastern world, including its scientific, humanistic and religious resources Jamaicans Escort. As a more inclusive academic institution, it obviously should not ignore the cultural resources of other civilizations in the world, such as Indian culture, Islamic culture, Jewish culture, and many ethnic minority cultures. This is not only reflected in the setting of the disciplines, but also in the architectural style. Of course Jamaica Sugar Daddy, disagreement JM Escorts Civilized architectural styles should not conflict with each other in this university, but should live in harmony, which obviously requires a master architect. On the premise of embracing civilization and establishing fair rules, it encourages competition and criticism between different academic portals, different disciplines, and different cultures. It is both a sacred academic palace and full of problem awareness. Therefore, the knowledge it produces JM Escorts can not only enable students to live and work in peace and contentment, but also directly or indirectly respond to the changes brought about by social changes civilization challenge. Such an academic institution not only inherits the tradition of the academies of the Song Dynasty, but also absorbs the spirit of modern universities, and is therefore capable of shouldering the heavy burden of civilization in an era of social change. With such a university Jamaica Sugar, new knowledge that integrates the resources of different cultures will emerge. Looking back on the Song Dynasty, Jamaica Sugar none of these cultural masters came from the three schools of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Only in this way can they achieve their knowledge and also achieve the ConfucianismJamaicansEscortLearn to be reactionary. Today’s scholars will never be paranoid about one cultural tradition, so they have a broad cultural mind and the ability to integrate resources from different cultures. Such universities will create better conditions for them. From this, we can look forward to new masters of civilization, we can look forward to an era of brilliant academic stars, and we can look forward to the rise of Chinese civilization once again in responding to challenges.​