The position of Jiangxi Academy in the history of Chinese academies
Source: New Reading: National Reading
Time: September 22nd, Jihai, 2570, the year of Confucius Ri Gengyin
Jesus October 20, 2019
Academy is one of the symbols of modern civilization. It is an important tool for spreading Chinese civilization, establishing education, and cultivating talents. , a socially progressive organizational form of transportation academics. The education system, organizational form, and school running directions of thousands of years can be roughly divided into two types: “private schools and official schools.” The academies represent a basic form of “private education” in China’s feudal society period, which was mainly privately founded and supplemented by official funding.
Its characteristics are: “under the leadership of individual famous scholars, gathering people to teach apprentices, accumulating a large number of books, and a private school system that combines teaching and research.” It has a history of nearly a thousand years from the Tang and Five Dynasties to the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. In order to further strengthen their ruling position and consolidate their political power, the Qing Dynasty followed the example of the previous dynasty and put more emphasis on Zhu Xi’s academics. They listed the construction of academies as government-run or private-run and government-assisted, directly providing talents for the feudal dynasty. Jiangxi had many famous academies in the Tang Dynasty. Some occupy an important position in the history of Chinese academies. He has made significant contributions to my country’s culture, education, and academic research. Bailudong Academy, Ehu Academy, Xiangshan Academy, and Bailuzhou Academy summarized their respective successful experiences for the establishment of Chinese academies.
bailuzhou Aerial view of the academy
For more than a thousand years, especially after the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiangxi civilization has flourished and talents have emerged in large numbers. Zhu Xi, Lu Jiuling, Lu Jiuyuan, Jiang Wanli, Wen Tianxiang, Xie Fangde, etc. are not only a generation of wise and loyal ministers, but also a group of thoughtful and accomplished Confucian masters. They have made unique achievements in the construction of colleges in Jiangxi, the educational purpose of private schools, and the educational ideas of cultivating scholars and talents. In fact, their contributions are indispensable and will last forever.
The Construction of Jiangxi Academy in the Tang Dynasty
《全”Book of the Tang Dynasty” mentions eleven places where academies were built. There are thirty-three academies found in local records and stated to be established in the Tang Dynasty, for a total of forty-four, including fifteen in Jiangxi., there are clear records of lecturing activities, such as the Huangliao Academy built by Tang Tongpan Liu Qinglin in Jishui County, Jiangxi Province for lecturing. Huangliao Academy was founded in the Tang Dynasty. It took the lead in gathering students to give lectures, marking the birth of an academy as an educational institution.
Ehu Jingshe. According to Volume 18 of “Qianshan County Chronicles”, during the Zhenyuan period of the Tang Dynasty (785-805), Li Ao, a Jinshi scholar, founded and gave lectures in Ehu.
Jingxing Academy. According to local records, before Li Bo became an official, Han Yu wrote to him in the second year of Yuanhe (807), persuading him to give up his secluded life and become a politician. The letter said, “The court officials will lead the east to look like a phoenix, a star in the sky, and have a sneak peek.” …” and other words, naming the academy after Jingxing was a consideration at the time, or was it named by later generations in memory of Li Bo, there is no way to refute it. But Jingxing Academy was maintained until the Yuan Dynasty. During the Dade period (1297-1307), Huang Ze served as the dean of Jingxing Academy, located in Zhidong, Jiufu, Jiangxi Province, built by Li Bo of the Tang Dynasty.
Yimen Academy is located in De’an County, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province. “Chen Gun of Tang Yimen immediately lived in Zuoshu and collected thousands of volumes of books to support scholars. The younger generations who were weak in the title were all ordered to study.” In just 26 words, it is summarized that the academy had pioneered private gatherings of books and taught apprenticeships in the Tang Dynasty. The academy taught “a thousand taels of silver” a step further than Huangliao Academy. The guidance organization was formed. This marked the beginning of Chinese academy education.
Wutong Academy is located in Fengxin County, Jiangxi Province. It is “the place where Luo Jing and Luo Jian of the Tang Dynasty gave lectures. It is named after the mountains with many Wutong trees.” Regarding the founding date of Wutong Academy in the Southern Tang Dynasty, the relevant records are similar.
Guiyan Academy is located sixty miles north of Gao’an County, Hongzhou, Tang Dynasty. “Ringed between two mountains, it is deep and clear, with clear water springs and luxuriant vegetation. It is the same as Guiyan Academy.” Rock also”. “Guiyan Academy Records” written by Xing Yuanlong in the Song Dynasty said: “Nanrong Changbu opened a school in this mountain to teach.” Xing Nanrong, also known as Xian, had the courtesy name Tiwei. A native of Gao’an (746-819), he was a Jinshi in the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793) of Emperor Dezong of Tang Dynasty. Together with Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi and Li Yi, they became moral friends and worked together to promote “honor and integrity”. When the official went to the Imperial Academy to offer wine, Liu Zongyuan said that he “has studied literature and is highly regarded by scholars.” From the ninth year of Yuanhe (814), when Xing Nanrong founded the academy, to the second year of Zhonghe (882Jamaicans Sugardaddy) was one of the earliest academies in China that not only hid books but also gathered students to teach during the more than 60 years of Guiyan Academy in the Tang Dynasty. “Academy” was restored many times in the Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Bailudong Academy is located in Lushan, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, also known as Bailu DongshuJamaica Sugar Hall, Bailu Academy, Zhu Huiweng Academy. During the Zhenyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, brothers Li Bo and Li She lived in seclusion in a small basin in a valley east and west of Wulaofeng, studying and giving lectures. Li Bo raised a white deer, which was very tame. The villagers considered it a sacred deer, so they called Bo Mr. White Deer, and the White Deer Cave got its name from this.
Bailudong Academy
“In the fourth year of Shengyuan of the Southern Tang Dynasty (940) In 1934, Lushan Guoxue was built here, with officials and teachers, land and property, and hundreds of apprentices.” In 1934, Sheng Langxi said in his “Chinese Academy System”: “The establishment of academies was founded in 1934. In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, Bailu was the earliest academy.
The “History of Chinese Academy” written by Zhang Liuquan and published by Educational Science Press in 1981 said: “As an academy that teaches students and cultivates talents, it began in the fourth year of Sheng Yuan Dynasty in the Southern Tang Dynasty. The Bailudong Academy established in 2001 is also known as “Lushan Chinese Studies”. Che Shushi also said in his article “The Situation of Modern Academy and Current Teaching Reform”: “Strictly speaking, the academies that really serve as a gathering place for teaching began with the predecessor of Bailudong Academy – Lushan Chinese Studies.”
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Bailudong Academy
Bailudong Academy
Academy is a system of Chinese private education institutions. It belongs to the category of elementary schools, free schools, schools and private schools that emerged in private rural schools. category. After the name of the academy was widely adopted among the people, the full name was mostly determined by the names of people and places. For thousands of years, Jamaica Sugar Daddy has formed a law, which can also be said to be the patent of a private school name. From the middle and late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the Southern Tang Dynasty slowly began to move towards systematization and perfection, and it was no longer limited to the name of an institution limited to the royal collection of books. The evolution of the academy’s name is a foregone conclusion.
The rise and fall of Jiangxi Academy in the Song Dynasty
Northern Song Dynasty There were three major school-establishment movements in the middle and late periods. One was Song Renzong’s “Qingli” school-establishment movement, which issued an edict: “Schools should be established in all states and counties.” The second is the founding of schools by “Xining” and “Yuanfeng” under Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty. Wang Anshi pursued the “Three Houses Law” when he was in power, dividing the university into “outer houses, inner houses, and upper houses” and advocated “changing styles, legislative styles, and changing schools.” Examinations and establishment of schools.” In the second year of Yuanfeng, more than 140 “University Academic Orders” were promulgated. The third is Song Huizong’s “Chongning” school-building movement. Cai Jing launched the initiative to “develop official schools and weaken academies” when he was in power, which greatly weakened the school-running activities and a large number of academies were destroyed. During the war between Song and Jin Dynasties, the land north of the Yangtze River fell into the hands of the Jin people. The academies in the south were greatly damaged, especially the famous academies such as Songyang and Suiyang, which were famous throughout the country, and were almost completely destroyed by the war.
Songyang Academy
After Song Gaozong moved south, he established his capital in Lin’an (Hangzhou), the small authorities of the Southern Song Dynasty, who had been on the run for more than ten years, could only “just wait and see.” It was not until the 20th year of Shaoxing that the imperial court felt that there was no education, lack of talents, and difficulty in employing people. Therefore, the government school was promoted to be Taixue, and in the second year, Guoxue was added. However, the Taixue, national, prefecture, and county schools in the Southern Song Dynasty were all well-known, and the students who studied in such schools were mostly descendants of princes and nobles. They were called studying, but they were actually “Singing and Dancing in the Lakes and Mountains”. They have worldly righteousness, but they have no ambition to regain China.
Yu Shou, the minister of the Ministry of War at that time, once wrote a letter saying: “In recent times, the schools in prefectures and counties are often ruined by those who steal monsters. Scholars travel to study, not for the sake of spreading knowledge.” Give it to Danxi, then leave itClothes are used to deceive popular customs. But those who like themselves in the countryside will pass through the gate without entering. As a teacher, he thinks he is a cold official and does not do anything. If he observes it from one county, if it is not harmful, it will be the same for the whole country, then it really has nothing to do with the matter. … When the husband’s court established an official, Gai wanted to give him a post, but Xun thought that being too broad-minded would only serve the purpose and would not be of use to the time, so he abandoned it without hesitation! Officials can still save money if they receive education and food. If you think that you can transform the people into customs and cultivate talents, if there is no change since the beginning of the school and the ancestors, how can it survive in name but in reality! “It is better to close schools like this altogether.
The official school is so corrupt, and students cannot learn “righteousness” or “the reality of virtue and morality”, so aspiring students Those who are “righteous” and have nothing to learn, in order to more effectively adapt to the “scholar disease and nothing to learn”, some knowledgeable Confucian scholars at that time saw that Buddhist believers established jungles near scenic spots in mountains and forestsJamaica Sugar, practiced Zen diligently, so he followed suit and founded an academy with a new scale.
DangJM Escorts Bailudong College and Yuelu College were the four famous colleges at that time, because Zhu Xi and Zhang Shi lectured at the above two schools respectively. , is very famous, and the newly established Xiangshan Academy and Lu Zuqian’s Lize Academy are also as famous as them. Therefore, Quanzu of the Qing Dynasty said: “The disciples of the four schools are all over the country, and they are also the four major academies of the Southern Song Dynasty. . “Historically, the most prosperous period of academies should be the Southern Song Dynasty. They also divided into various schools of thought. The academies flourished and were innovating. The “four schools” refer to the four schools of thought: Zhu Xi, Lu Jiuyuan, Zhang Shi, and Lu Zuqian. Bai Ludong and Xiangshan academies belong to Jiangxi, and Jiangxi accounts for half of the four major academies in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Academies in the Southern Song Dynasty were developed The reason lies in the “Ehu Meeting” attended by Zhu Xi, Lu Jiuyuan, and Lu Zuqian in the second year of Chunxi. This Ehu Meeting was the first academic debate after the Southern Song Dynasty and laid the foundation for future academic debates in academies.
After that, Zhu Xi advocated Mingxue for Bailudong Academy and hired Lu Jiuyuan, who was from a different school, to give lectures to his students. Lan Yuhua immediately held up the colorful show and handed it over. He gave her the teacup, lowered his face slightly, and respectfully said to her mother-in-law: “Mom, please drink tea. “Since then, it has played a very good role in promoting the development of the academy. EachA large number of academies were built and restored in similar places. At that time, the academies hired famous Confucian scholars to give lectures and discuss Taoism, which became a common practice.
The academy’s social status and reputation were unparalleled. At that time, many of the junior officials who were studying in official schools with excellent grades also transferred to the academy to study. For a time, academies greatly surpassed official schools and had the potential to replace official schools. This is in sharp contrast to the Northern Song Dynasty when official learning was promoted and academies were abandoned. From this, the academies became an era where the three schools of teaching Zhu Xue, Lu Xue and Lu Xue stood upright. The academy has opened up a path to development with its unique advantages.
According to statistics, there were 623 academies in the Song Dynasty, of which 229 were in Jiangxi, ranking first in the country. The academies in Jiangxi during the Southern Song Dynasty are recorded in “Song History” and “Song and Yuan Academic Cases”: “Lushan BailuJamaica Sugar Cave Academy, Xinzhou Academy Xiangshan Academy, Wenzong Academy (Ehu Academy) in Qianshan, and Bailuzhou Academy in Jizhou are all known as the four major academies in the Northeastern Song Dynasty. Yuzhang and Youjiao academies were also founded in the Southern Song Dynasty, more than 700 years ago. , the scale was not small, and the six academies continued until the Qing Dynasty.
The Yuan Dynasty valued Neo-Confucianism and the construction of academies
At the beginning of the 13th century, the Mongols flourished in Mobei. Within a few decades, they successively conquered the Xia and Jin Dynasties and occupied the The entire northern China. In 1279 AD, it destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and unified China, with its capital in Dadu (today’s Beijing).
The Yuan Dynasty had a vast border and included many ethnic groups. , politics, economy and culture are different, so the education situation is also very different. In mainland China, it is the area where the Han people gather, accounting for more than 90% of the country’s population. Compared with the Mongolian people. With a long history, a developed economy, and advanced civilization and education, how to consolidate the dominance of the Yuan Empire was a very acute issue faced by the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty. In order to adapt to this complex situation and resolve this acute conflict, the Yuan Empire must adopt traditional methods. The old “softening policy”, while suppressing with force, strengthened the control of civilized education of political thought, tried to absorb and win over the original civil servants and military generals of the Song Dynasty, and utilized Han intellectuals; vigorously advocated Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism and religious beliefs continued to implement the imperial examination system; they paid attention to protecting and rewarding school education and the implementation of the college system. The Yuan Empire played an important role in the implementation of this policy and provided a good political atmosphere for the vigorous development of colleges at that time. At the same time, the number of academies in Jiangxi still ranked first in the country, accounting for 30% of the construction of academies in the Yuan Dynasty. According to “Xuwen Tongkao”: “There were 98 famous academies in Jiangxi in the Yuan Dynasty. Ehu Academy, Jiaxuan Academy and Zongwen Academy in Qianshan Prefecture are all included. ”
The Yuan Dynasty court attached great importance to advocating Cheng and Zhu Neo-Confucianism, and important officials in all states and counties had to pay close attention to them.Since then, we have been involved in the construction of colleges and universities. We have appointed mountain chiefs and professors for the college. We have also appointed mountain chiefs, deans, and even professors for the college. We have increased funding and implemented government assistance from the private sector. The academies of the Yuan Dynasty developed based on the teachings of Neo-Confucianism by Cheng and Zhu. The spread of Neo-Confucianism by Cheng and Zhu was deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and became popular due to the esteem of the academies of the Yuan Dynasty. Therefore, it can be said that the academies of the Yuan Dynasty have an inseparable relationship with Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism.
The rise and fall of academies in the Ming Dynasty
After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty , attaches great importance to the selection of talents. Several generations of emperors in the early Ming Dynasty focused their education on encouraging recommendations, establishing official schools and advocating imperial examinations, but did not pay enough attention to academies. Therefore, from Hongwu to Chenghua, academies have been in a state of silence for nearly a hundred years. Confucian scholars are mostly accepted to give lectures in official schools. Scholars have many ways to obtain official career opportunities and have little interest in private academies. This is also the main reason for the silence of academies.
The period from Chenghua (1465-1487) to Jiajing (1522-1566) in the mid-Ming Dynasty was the heyday of the academy. The important reason for the rise of academies from decline was due to the lack of official education, official corruption, and bribery in imperial examinations. Therefore, a large number of scholar-bureaucrats revived and founded academies and promoted the teaching style. In order to remedy the current problems, the academy gradually prospered. According to statistics from provincial chronicles, the total number of academies in the Ming Dynasty reached 1,571, greatly exceeding that of the Yuan Dynasty. Among them, there are 646 in the Yangtze River Basin, 364 in the Pearl River Basin, and 229 in the Yellow River Basin. According to provincial statistics, academies in the Ming Dynasty were spread across 19 provinces, with Jiangxi being the most numerous, with 287 academies. Zhejiang, Guangdong, and Hunan had 151 and 147 academies respectively. , 102.
The prosperity of academies in the mid-Ming Dynasty was due to the inheritance and development of the academic teaching style of the Southern Song Dynasty by Wang Shouren, Chen Ruoshui and other Neo-Confucian masters at that time, to develop the “lecturing style” that influenced the academies. It is inseparable from the “meeting” system.
The four closures and bans on colleges across the country in the middle and late Ming Dynasty had a serious impact on the college and seriously damaged its vitality. The most serious one was the eunuch Wei Zhongxian’s exclusive power to eliminate dissidents during the Tianqi period. Despite this, there are still many academies in various places that have persisted under the protection of local sages and patriots.
Qing Dynasty Advocating Zhu Xue, the construction of the academy will create greater glory
After a period of stability, conservatism, and resistance, the Qing government gradually found a series of controls on its policy towards academiesJamaicans EscortThe methods of Han Chinese and Confucian scholars. Therefore, we have the momentum to let go and develop it. Therefore, there were more academies in the Qing Dynasty than in the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties. According to the local chronicles of various provinces and records in books such as “Xue An Xiao Shi”, “Xian Shi Lue”, “Stele Biographies Collection”, “Sustained Stele Biographies Collection” and other books, there were more than 1,900 academies established in the Qing Dynasty, including the revived academies. A total of 3,847 academies have been reformed.
The area where academies were established in the Qing Dynasty can be said to be wider than that of previous dynasties, covering all parts of the country, with the Pearl River Basin as the first, followed by the Yangtze River Basin, and the Yellow River Basin. The popularity of the establishment of the Pearl River Basin College is inseparable from the development of the budding capitalist economy in the Pearl River Delta at that time. With the progress of society, people’s thinking changed to new materials, even in remote minority areas, such as Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Guangxi, Xinjiang, etc. have also established academies. It can be said that there are many academies in 32 provinces, municipalities, autonomous regions, Hong Kong, Macao and other regions across the country. There are 991 academies in Jiangxi, always ranking first among the academies in the country.
The imperial court’s emphasis was actually a policy of appeasement of official conduct by the rulers to control the academies, and basically lost the independent power of the original academies. Therefore, although there were many academies in the Qing Dynasty, most of them were government-run, or privately-run and government-subsidized. Of course, there were also a few private academies.
In the Qing Dynasty, the academic dispute between Zhu and LuJamaicans Escort was no longer in the middle and late Ming Dynasty This kind of momentum, in contrast, has no sectarian views on Zhu Lu’s academics. The most noteworthy among them is Zheng Zhiqiao during the Qianlong period and his “Compilation of Ehu Lectures”.
Zheng Zhiqiao, nicknamed Dongli, was from Chaoyang, Guangdong. In the second year of Qianlong reign of Qing Dynasty (1737), he became a Jinshi. In the fifth year (1740), he served as the magistrate of Qianshan County and later as the magistrate of Baoqing Prefecture. During his tenure at Qianshan, he worked diligently, paid attention to civilized education, donated money from his salary to purchase additional school land for Ehu Academy, personally formulated a series of educational rules and regulations for Ehu Academy, and personally taught and taught students in the academy. The famous dramatist and poet educator Jiang Shiquan was a top student who was highly appreciated and supported by Magistrate Zheng at that time.
Zheng Zhiqiao designated Ehu Academy as a high-level academy, respected the books of Confucius and Mencius, the teachings of Yao and Shun, and respected Zhu Xi’s “step by step, careful reading and careful thinking, The teaching method of “Modernly Concentrating on Swimming” is used to advocate his new set of teaching methods of “paying close attention to strength, staying respectful and observing discipline”. And teach in three situations. Summarizes the educational system and implementation of Zhu Xi College promoted by Ehu CollegeJamaicans Sugardaddy‘s learning-based teaching method cultivated and delivered talents for the feudal dynasty who could “move forward to the whole country and benefit the people”. In order to achieve the great cause of Confucianism governing the country and the world.
《Goose Lake LecturesJM EscortsCompilation” has 12 volumes in total. The first volume is “Pictures and Commentary on Ehu Academy”, “Biography of the Four Sages”, “Ode to the Four Sages” (transcription) written by Qiao Qiao. A Study of Poems for Singing Reward in Ehu”. Volumes two to eight contain selected letters, questions and answers, prefaces and postscripts, commentaries, academic regulations, treaties, and lecture notes from the Four Sages. Volume 9 is Lei Hong’s “Ehu Poetry Theory” and Zheng Zhiqiao’s “On the Similarities and Differences between Zhu and Lu”, “Ehu Academic Regulations”, “Xin You Jie’s Eight Principles for All Lives” and “Renxu’s Ten Key Points for All Lives”, Volume 9 10. 11 Extensively collects the inscriptions and poems, essays, and essays inscribed by Ehu Academy on 10 and 11 by literati and poets from all dynasties after Zhu Zi Fu et al. Volume 12 is “Ehu Shutian Zhi” written by Zheng Zhiqiao. Since the last three volumes of this book are all about the academies, “Summary of the Siku” says: “The main theme of the book focuses on the similarities and differences between Zhu and Lu. The intention is to attach it to lectures, but in fact it is mainly based on the academies. Therefore. All the works inscribed on famous places are also included. “It is for this reason that Siku officials did not list this book in the “Zibu, Confucian Catalog”, but put it in the “History, Geography Category”. This is exactly the characteristic of Zheng Zhiqiao’s “Ehu Lecture Collection”, which further shows that his book preserves the academy culture, promotes the academy spirit, and advocates Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism Jamaica Sugar Serious research value.
Jiangxi’s teaching characteristics and style of study in the establishment of academies
For more than a thousand years, especially before the Ming Dynasty, academies, as the backbone of private schools in the countryside, not only endured repeatedly, but also became more and more innovative. They always competed with official schools and cultivated a large number of talents in civilized, educational and academic fields. , has made an indelible contribution to our country’s modern civilization, and we can learn some useful experiences from it by studying the running of schools from today’s perspective.
One of the outstanding features of college education is the combination of academic research and education. Jiangxi’s famous Jamaicans Escort College was not only a place for scholars to discuss academic matters, but also an educational center at that time. The administrators were both famous scholars and lecturers at the college. They often used the results of their own research as the basis for their lectures. Content, disseminate academic knowledge, and at the same time test and improve the results of academic research through lectures, so that teaching and research complement each other.
Zhu Xi knew how to read only fragments of reading
The second feature is that the school implements a “lecture” system, which embodies the spirit of “a hundred schools of thought contend” to a certain extent, which is very different from the closed-door education implemented in official schools. . The Ehu Meeting in the second year of Chunxi set a new paradigm for the debate between different schools. In the eighth year of Chunxi, Zhu Xi invited Lu Jiuyuan to Bailudong Academy to give a lecture on “A gentleman is understood by righteousness, and a gentleman is understood by profit”, which opened the first ” Since then, college lectures have been passed down from generation to generation and gradually become institutionalized.
Lu Jiuyuan knows a few words about reading
“Lectures” have a purpose, a protocol, an organization, a stipulated daily date and a grand ceremony. Although scholars There were different opinions and different views among the schools and schools, but they did not refuse to give lectures and debate difficulties. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, various academies communicated with each other, and famous scholars traveled thousands of miles to attend meetings.
The style of “lectures” was very popular and lasted until the Qing Dynasty. During the “lecture”, not only the lecturers can promote Jamaica Sugar Daddy their own school of thought, but the speakers are also not limited by region or Regarding the restriction of portals, Bailudong Academy in the early Qing Dynasty even clearly stipulated: “The academy gathers handsome men from all over the world, not just from one area. There may be friends from far away who have heard about the Taoism and want to find a career in it, but they can’t do it.” It should be The system of recognition, discussion and debate is a fine tradition that promotes cultural and academic development.
The third characteristic is that the teaching in the academy is mainly based on self-study. The masters of the academy give lectures to students and apprentices, which are roughly outlines and key points. Students and apprentices are autonomous and focus on individual reading and research. Zhu Xi’s six principles of reading (i.e., “be respectful and disciplined, proceed step by step, think skillfully and thoughtfully, be humble and considerate, observe personally, and work hard”) are a reading guide for students. As for questioning and asking questions, they are also based on the students’ level of study and experience. They do not seek to be general and vary. The master may give a clear answer, or give a little inspiration to make the student realize it, or he may ask others to repeatedly discuss and verify the result. In short, under the inspiration and guidance of the master, the student can achieve mastery through thinking and research. These methods are obviously much better than the rigid and rigid teaching method of teachers talking and students listening.
In terms of academic style, first of all, the college teachers and students attach great importance to innovation and are determined to pursue innovation.
Cheng and Zhu Zhixue broke the old habit of specializing in exegesis in Sinology and established understanding through their own opinions. “How much do you know about Cai Huan’s family and the coachman Zhang’s family?” she asked suddenly. The trend of classics created the so-called “Song School”, which was a great advancement for the old knowledge. Lu Jiuyuan dared to look down on Cheng Yi, opposed Zhu Xi, and created a school of “Xin Xue” in Neo-Confucianism. It is a new development of “a hundred schools of thought contend and a hundred flowers bloom”. Although Zhu Xi was from the second generation, he was able to extend it and create a complete system of objective idealism. That kind of energy to inherit and then develop is the main condition for him to become a great master.
Luo Hongxian (a native of Jishui) in the Ming Dynasty inherited Wang Yangming’s theory of “to know oneself”, but he continued to stay in Wang’s theory and deliberately supplemented and modified it. Those original scholars are often unwilling to follow science blindly, but instead work tirelessly on endless avenues of innovation. Perseverance and dedication to hard work and teaching are another outstanding manifestation of the academic style of the college.
Most of the teachers and students in the academy study in order to obtain true knowledge, and they pursue it wholeheartedly.The philistines who have all kinds of practical benefits such as title, salary, position, etc. are deeply disgusted.
The passage by Lu Jiuyuan at the “lecture” in Bailu Cave that moved Zhu Xi and others to tears, sweating and waving fans is a good footnote. Lu Jiuyuan said: “In ancient times, reading was a benefit. For example, after getting an education, you have to get an official position; after getting an official position, you have to change your official position. From young to old, you have to stand on your own heel. Is it nothing more than profit?”
Wu Yubi, the master of “Zhu Xue” in the Ming Dynasty, studied in Yanglu at the age of nineteen. He read the Four Books, the Five Classics and Confucian quotations in a small town without going downstairs for two years. He later gave lectures in his hometown and practiced hard, which lasted for fifty years. Therefore, Huang Zongxi said that his knowledge “was mostly obtained from the sweat and tears on the pillow at night”.
Wu Yubi’s quotation-style work “Ri Lu”
Qing Dynasty The contemporary classics scholar Jiang Yong (a native of Wuyuan Jamaicans Escort) was good at textual research and had many original ideas. Jamaicans Escort has been engaged in private lectures tirelessly for sixty years. OutstandingJamaicans Sugardaddymaterialist philosopher. Dai Zhen, a former Park School master, was his student. Zhu Xi was extremely diligent in his studies throughout his life and wrote prolifically. He made contributions to classics, history, literature, music and even natural science. He was once harmed by the powerful minister Han Wanzhou and was in a very bad situation, but he still lectured and wrote endlessly. Until his death, he was still teaching his disciples. This spirit of diligent study and tireless teaching had a great influence on later generations.
The outstanding academic style of the academy is still inherited and developed in his respect for teachers, his advocacy of teachers and friends to work hard, and those who are capable as teachers.
The academy is not restricted in selecting teachers, because most of the teachers are open-minded and open-minded. Cai Yuanding was five years younger than Zhu Xi. Hearing about Zhu Xi’s fame, he went to seek advice. Zhu learned that Cai Yuanding was skilled in the study of Lu, Lu, Xiangshu, and was shocked and said, “This is my old friend, and he should not be among his disciples.” When they came to Zhu Xi’s sect, Zhu Duoling asked Cai Yuanding for advice first. Liu Qingzhi (from Qingjiang) attended the Ehu meetingOne of the most famous scholars at that time, Huang Qian came to join his disciples. He believed that Huang was a talent that could be developed, and that Zhu Xi was superior to himself. To cherish talents, he decided to have Huang Qian transform into Zhu Xi – this is Anyone who is concerned about gains and losses cannot do this. Huang Qian became a disciple of Zhu Xi and received much attention. Zhu Xi taught and advocated that capable people should be teachers. He also wrote to Huang Qian and said: “If you have other matters, you can ask Zhi Qing (Huang Qian’s courtesy name) to give the lecture.”
The friendship between teachers and students in the academy is also very deep. Luo Rufang and Yan Shannong are a touching example. Luo Rufang, a native of Nancheng, was the third disciple of Wang Liang, the founder of the Wang Xue Right School, and the teacher of Tang Xianzu. Luo Baiyan Shannong was his teacher and he admired him very much. The mountain farmer was imprisoned for some reason. Luo sold his property to exonerate the mountain farmer and served in prison for six years. He did not even take part in the imperial examination. After Luo became an official in old age, when Yan Shannong came to live with him, Luo still served him and even delivered the tea and fruits himself. His grandson wanted to do it for him, but Luo said: “My master is beyond your capabilities!”
Inherit the essence and abandon the dross
Academy is our country’s feudal society Although the products of the middle and later stages of society were produced and developed among the people, they eventually cultivated a large number of administrative talents for the feudal system. The teaching and research contents of colleges undoubtedly promoted the dregs of feudalism and must be resolutely abandoned.
Academies often have some religious overtones, and lectures sometimes resemble Buddhist lectures. This is because the establishment of academies is deeply influenced by the Zen Forest. Even the name of the person in charge is learned from the Zen forest. The Zen forest has “elder”, “abbot” or “abbot”, and the academy has “mountain chief”, “cave master”, “master” or “zhai chief”. All academies attach great importance to worshiping the sages and teachers of Confucianism or the masters of the academy as the objects of worship. After arriving at Yuan Renzong, in order to ensure the smooth progress of the subjects, the academy actually developed to worship Emperor Wenchang, which was doubly annoying.
Songyang Academy’s “Datang Songyang Guanji Shengde Shengde should be eulogized on the stele”, which mainly describes the Songyang Guan Taoist Sun Taichong as The story of Tang Xuanzong Li Longji’s nine rounds of alchemy.
Due to differences in schools, academies often have very deep opinions; some descendants of famous teachers have no real knowledge themselves and rely solely on their opinions.In the early years, senior teachers are often praised as idols and gods. This kind of turning lectures into preaching is not only devoid of any originality at all, but relies on the spells in the mouth (knowledge turned into spells) and the sticks in the hands to suppress people. This kind of academic civilization development is extremely harmless.
Editor: Jin Fu
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