Jamaica SugarOriginal title: Marriage, Family and Harmony The social connotation of fantasy
Author: Zeng Yi
Source: The author authorized Confucianism.com to publish
Selected from the author’s “Republic and Monarchy – A Study of Kang Youwei’s Early Political Thought”, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 2010 edition.
Kang Youwei’s (Nanhai) early views on material civilization emphasized more on its social connotation, that is, eliminating the constraints of human desires, which constituted the main content of his ideal of great harmony. Marx’s vision of communism often links the flow of material wealth with “the unfettered and comprehensive development of man”, which is not fundamentally inconsistent with the South China Sea. The difference is that Marx, who lived in a highly developed capitalist industry, claimed to have found a way for material wealth to flow sufficiently. As for the South China Sea, which has been steeped in thousands of years of agricultural civilization, he naturally could not take this into account.
There are only two types of human desires: one is material desire, and the other is sexual desire. Correspondingly, Marxism also divides human production into two aspects, namely human production itself and material production. Therefore, the development of material civilization, that is, the transformation of material production, has lifted the restrictions on material desires; on the other hand, whether it is Marx or Nanhai, they try to change human production itself, that is, Completely subvert the marriage and family structure of the civilized era, and remove restrictions on lust.
In addition, Marx and Nanhai seem to adopt a kind of materialismJamaicans EscortThe monist position is that the development of material civilization will prepare the conditions for the bondage of women, equality between men and women, and the destruction of the family. However, they all seem to avoid the fact that the indulgence or sufficient development of lust and material desires may not be useless for human life, and are often harmful.of. [1]
Like Marxism, Nanhai first determined the inevitability of lust: [2]
Human beings are born with reproductive organs, so they cannot have sexual intercourse and lustful things, as is the case with Heaven. Because of natural desire, it must not be eradicated, and if it cannot be eradicated, there must be adultery. …Although there are trillions of Brahmans, Buddhas, and Jesus who want to save him and cut off his desire, they cannot stop the desire of human beings all over the world for intercourse. …Therefore, in a world of great harmony, when it comes to intercourse, everyone will have their own desires and requests. … There are indeed some lustful men, even though Socrates already had them. Although it is not the righteousness of yin and yang, it may be harmful to the human body, but lust is not without harm. Since feelings are allowed to be unfettered, there is no way to restrain them unless they are combined by force. [3]
Nanhai’s praise of sexual intercourse between men and women is exactly the same as Engels’s praise of unfettered sexual love in “The Origin of the Family, Public Ownership and the State” . [4]
Therefore, Nanhai also regards marriage as a union based on love between the sexes, and this marriage is not restricted. Nanhai said:
If in the peaceful world, everyone is independent and equal, and men and women are all born people, and each agrees with each other, then there will be no concubines. It can be said that there is no such thing as a couple. [5]
Also said:
If there is everlasting happiness, I heard that it keeps renewing the contract. We will stay together for life, but we must do it out of affection and let it be unfettered. Therefore, it is impossible to make an agreement that does not comply with the time limit, so that it can be easily followed, and it will not cause hardship and cause disobedience. If the appointment is not too long, it will be easy to comply with, and you will have a new love and it will not be difficult to stay for a long time. If the time limit is not too short, then the human race will not be mixed, and even if there are many desires, it will not poison the body. Two people will always be good friends, and they will last a lifetime; if they have new friends, let them renew their relationship; if they renew their old friendship, they can also find an alliance. Everything is free from restraints and follows the principles of humanity and nature. [6]
Since men and women are united by love, once the love dissipates, they will divorce. Nanhai said:
If a man and a woman are in love with each other, then let them do what they want, but no covenant is allowed. If they are separated and never love each other, there is no point in getting together. [7]
Also said:
In a world of peace, everyone is independent, that is, everyone is free from restraint. They are equal; if they are forced to suffer, the losses will be much without restraint. Since it is not as good as the customary customs in troubled times to establish a husband and wife to show the true relationship between father and son, why not be in compliance with human feelings and let them have sex, let them separate and reunite as soon as possible? Those who agree with each other can renew the contract and be happy forever, while those who are not interested in each other can agree to break up the contract and change their plans. If the selfishness of admiration can be fulfilled, then those who are happy will be more happy; if the intention of disgust has arisen, then those who are gone will be gone. The law allows, there is no ridicule in moral character, everyone is the same JM Escorts, the sun and the moon are common. [8]
Otherwise, it will not be beneficial to the relationship between the two people, but also add to each other’s suffering. “Husband and wife are lifelong good friends, and the path is extremely difficult. Rare disagreements are lifelong regrets with no regrets.” “In ancient times, couples who had disagreements often divorced themselves. “The husband will not have to worry about the lion roaring in the east of the river, and the wife will not have to worry about crying in the middle of the court. She will have the comfort of human nature and be self-reliant, and will not have the pain of being entangled for life.” [9] In “The Book of Datong”, Kang tried his best to highlight the error of a man and a woman’s marriage that lasted for hundreds of years, and all kinds of arguments were familiar to the ancients. Therefore, Nanhai criticizes Song Confucianism’s concept of “observance of moral integrity”, saying that “Song Confucianism was righteous and sought to be more righteous than saints, resulting in hundreds of millions of widows in the capital being miserable in the poor alleys, suffering from cold and hunger, and filled with deep resentment, and considered it to be beautiful and vulgar. “[10].
In the South China Sea, the gathering of men and women based on emotions is a “public law”, and whether they gather or disperse, it is completely unrestricted; the second is a “law established by people”, Although a marriage contract is allowed to be established to consolidate it, it still emphasizes emotion as the basis, so there must be a date, otherwise it will inevitably be restricted by emotion. [11] Nanhai said:
Any man and woman who are happy with each other will make a contract for three months. After the expiration, they can make another contract with others. If the original person wants to make another contract, he must suspend it for three months before making another contract. He was also allowed to make repeated covenants for life. [12]
Also said:
Every man and woman who have made a pact for a long time is left to their own devices. When the contract is over, you can make another contract with someone else, or you can exchange the contract with the original person. [13]
Also said:
If the marriage date is long, it cannot exceed one year, and if it is short, it must be one year. Month, those who like it will be allowed to renew their contract. [14]
As for the marriage of later generations of Westerners, it was a “lifelong covenant.” Although divorce was allowed, men and women had unlimited autonomy, which often caused men and women to hate each other. It is believed that “it is inconsistent with reality and is not conducive to human nature” [15]. If we look at marriage in modern China, it is second to none. “The covenant between a man and a woman cannot be restrained. Sugardaddy relies on it. The person who makes the contract will not divorce unless there is a big reason. The man is the wife, and the woman is subject to her husband. One man can marry multiple wives, but one woman cannot have multiple husbands.” Nanhai. It is believed that “it is more inconsistent with geometric justice and is not conducive to human nature” [16].
Nanhai even advocated the system of sharing wives and husbands:
Several people wanted to form a union at the same time. If you make a promise, if you find out if you love each other, you will agree to it, or you will not agree to it. [17]
If this is the case, it is no different from the ancient custom of group marriage among humans. In fact, Marxism also has this theory, but due to the practical needs of class struggle, it is just a taboo.
Based on this concept of marriage, Nanhai criticized the traditional monogamous family. With one husband, he changed several wives many times, and one wife”We have changed husbands many times, but there is really no difference” [18]. Therefore, Nanhai advocates self-reliance in marriage, “since two people love each other, it is reasonable to allow them to have the right to self-reliance” [19], and also criticizes lifelong marriage based on the parents’ orders. system and concubinage system It is “divergent from geometric justice and is not beneficial to human nature” [20]. He also believes that the superiority of men to the inferiority of women is based on the laws of troubled times. “Therefore, in terms of justice, men should be equal to men and women; in terms of practical results, men should be equal to men. This is the great justice of heaven and the supreme peace of human nature. It lasts throughout the universe and cannot be changed. It has no doubt about ghosts and gods. It has waited for saints for hundreds of millions of generations without being confused. It has waited for millions of eons to wait for public opinion and it is difficult to deviate.” [21] Nanhai also borrowed ” “Age” Ai Jiang made an appointment with Mr. Zhuang and said:
According to the troubled times, men are superior to women, and couples are subject to the orders of their parents. A matchmaker has no obligation to make a covenant. However, the agreement is also a matter of affection, so it is not a bad thing. The thing about concubines who are far away is not a big evil. In the chaotic world, men are superior to women, so one husband has several wives. Because in the early days of the Tai Dynasty, there were many wives and they were cut off in order to conform to the customs of the time, which was not an evil way. In the era of peace, having one husband and one wife was an evil way of equality. The wife should make a pact to keep concubines far away, even if it is not the right time. When peace comes, the couple will make a pact and keep concubines far away. If there is peace, everyone will be independent, and everyone will be equal. If we are all human beings, and each agrees with each other to make a covenant, then there is no concubine to speak of, and there is no husband and wife to speak of. This covenant is really very serious. This is a heterogeneous meaning that was first adopted in European and American customs. Confucius established it first. , Mrs. Ai Jiang made an appointment with the public servant, asking him to stay away from concubines. However, in the troubled times, men are superior and women are inferior. It is the etiquette for one man to have several wives, and Ai Jiang wants the public to stay away from her. href=”https://jamaica-sugar.com/”>Jamaica Sugar Daddy Shaogong believes that husband and wife are meant to be companions, and blames them out of the righteousness of monarchs and ministers, but Nanhai feels sorry for them. Jiang Xian has learned the way of peace [23]
Such views are indistinguishable from those of all liberalists and their perverted forms of feminism. Therefore, Nanhai regards the provision of distinction between men and women as Confucianism in the troubled times. Nanhai said:
In troubled times, there is no distinction between men and women, so father and son are not righteous; if father and son are not righteous, the race will be chaotic and weak, so the race cannot be passed down. .Every earthly man is capable. When a woman gets married and gives birth to a child, her seed is strong. Confucius was born in a troubled time, and he attached great importance to this meaning, thinking that in order to bring peace to the world, everyone has education, and women also have rights. There is no harm in opening up and enjoying the banquet. This is the case in Europe and the West. In the peaceful age, the culture will be pure and everyone will be independent. There is no need to distinguish between men and women, but they will be called human beings, and their entry and exit will be based on the unity of human nature. [24]
The main reason for suppressing daughters is that righteousness comes from the belief that if the husband and wife are not different, the father and the son will not be close, and if the father and the son are not close, the clan will not be successful. Therefore, if you want to kiss the father and the son, you must first be careful. couple. Therefore, according to the system of troubled times, the etiquette begins with the husband and wife, and the palace must be separated from the inside and outside. [25]
For men in ancient times, premarital sexual relations were extremely casual. Men often could not identify their own children, and there was even a custom of “killing the firstborn”. , how can father and son be related? From then on, men were cautious about their interactions, and the relationship between father and son was of paramount importance. It was inevitable, and it was not purely out of men’s common thoughts. However, it is not up to the man. For example, even if a man spreads the rain and dew, he will not know his son well, but he must know it, so he can still fulfill the way of father and son. As for the age of peace and peace, Nanhai believed that there was no need to distinguish between men and women. However, looking at today, premarital sexual relations are actually very harmful to the family. In the Western countries, it may not be the case, and it will break the relationship between father and son.
Nanhai also said:
In a world of peace, one husband and one wife must be in peace. However, under the current system in Europe and America, the wife still takes the husband’s surname, the wife lives in the husband’s house, and the husband is the home. This is still not the case. In a peaceful world, ordinary human beings can only be called human beings. There is no distinction between men and women. Everyone is independent and equal. They are a couple. If they are friends, they will not follow each other. They only need to get along well. The Great Dao circulates, and the system of the peaceful world is the furthest away from chaos, but closer to the original people. However, although its system is nearby, its principle is the furthest away. [26]
The South China Sea “comes closer to the original people” under the system of peaceful times. Marx also called Taigu “primitive communism”. Also said:
In a world of peace and harmony, men and women each have independent rights. They have friendships instead of marriages, and fixed-term appointments instead of couples. The long-term contract can last for a lifetime, and the short-term contract can come and go and change people. Whenever there is sexual intercourse, the two will be together if they are happy, and the two will be separated if they are hating. Since there are no relatives, everyone is equal. … In the world of great harmony, when it comes to intercourse, everyone indulges their desires and gives what they want. It is nameless and insignificant, boundless and boundless, but only belongs to two emotions. [27]
In a world of peace and harmony, men and women only follow their feelings, indulge in their own desires, and have no responsibility for whether they get together or separate. He also said:
According to the differences between men and women in troubled times, it is established that men will not ask for marriage and women will not marry. In the old customs of the Zhou Dynasty, there was no distinction between men and women. Marriage was not restricted. If a marriage was good, the person would ask for it. This is the same custom as in Europe and the United States today. Gaizhi Dao cycle Jamaica Sugar Daddy, in the early days of Taiyuan, the customs and peace are close. However, according to chaos and peace, it is like the opposite of east and west, and the reason is the same. If in the age of Shengping and Taiping, women’s education gradually flourishes, women’s rights gradually emerge, and everyone is self-reliant and no longer treats others, then each of them will get married. [28]
In a time of chaos, it is impossible for relatives to give and receive each other, let alone ask for permission from relatives! Therefore, we use the orders of our parents and the words of the matchmaker as intermediaries to distance ourselves from each other. If love is not restricted today, then the marriage will be successful. He also said:
The affairs between men and women are just for the sake of human love and happiness, instead of rectifying the lineage of father and son, and are they willing to force themselves together for life and suffer the consequences of human nature? Even if forced together, also meaningless. If there is everlasting happiness, I would allow them to renew their contracts frequently and stay together for life, but it must be due to human feelings that they should be allowed to be unfettered. Therefore, it is impossible to make an agreement that does not comply with the time limit, so that it can be easily followed, and it will not cause hardship and cause disobedience. If the appointment is not too long, it will be easy to comply with, and you will have a new love and it will not be difficult to stay for a long time. If the time limit is not too short, then the human race will not be mixed, and even if there are many desires, it will not poison the body. Two people will always be good friends, and they will last a lifetime; if they have new friends, let them renew their relationship; if they renew their old friendship, they can also find an alliance. Everything is free from restraints and follows the principles of humanity and nature. [29]
The union between a man and a woman does not value the relationship between father and son, so it can sacrifice the happiness of love and affection. He also discussed the incident of “Qi Gaogu and his uncle Ji coming”:
It is an old custom that men and women marry each other if they like each other, travel together, and see Europe and the United States today. However, according to the meaning of troubled times, in order to enrich the human race by attaching importance to father and son, men and women should be treated as different, so they violate the teachings and precepts. If in a peaceful world, men and women gradually become equal, it would not be a problem. In the peaceful age, women’s rights will be equal to men’s, and they will all be called human beings. They will both be stewards, and there will be no difference between men and women, let alone be punished in this way. [30]
Human beings are gradually moving from troubled times to peaceful times, and men and women are no longer separated, and JM Escorts can come and go without any restrictions.
Nanhai also borrowed the story of “Zi met Nanzi” in “The Analects” to say that men and women in the well-off society must be different. The well-off people followed the principle of “no close contact between men and women”; while Confucius practiced the principle of great harmony, and when he saw Nanzi, it was as if today’s Western customs regard social interaction between men and women as a form of civilization. [31] Later, Nanhai said that “American women’s rights are the most prosperous and the lewdness is the most extreme. Lawsuits account for nine out of ten cases, and miscarriages account for eight out of ten cases. Humanity will soon JM EscortsIf there are few, you can be afraid of the big ones” [32]. If the dream of great harmony is implemented in the reality of chaos, it will rarely be a disaster.
Although, according to the rules of separation between men and women in troubled times, there are seven rules for leaving, five for not marrying, and three for not leaving, so the rules for couples are strict. For example, the relationship between men and women is not strict, and the relationship between husband and wife is also obedient. Although they can get along well with each other at will, they often despise them, and there are many cases of abandonment. Not only a husband can have a wife, but a woman can also have a husband. “Han Feizi” says that Jiang Taigong gave birth to a husband. Nanhai said: “After the Song Dynasty, fewer and fewer wives were given away, and the relationship between husband and wife became more and more strict, and the law of abandonment was not easy to implement. This is the method to bring order to the chaos. If men and women gradually become equal in the peaceful world, each has the right to stand on his own. Divorced Things begin with wives, and gradually husbands are born. Today, the country is thousands of years old. If the Tao circulates and reaches peace, it will be far away from the troubled times, and the affairs of men and women will be unfettered. “[33]
Tan Sitong even had a more radical argument, believing that sexual immorality between men and women was just a name, not a real thing, and there was no such thing as good or evil. His “Renxue” says:
The most evil thing is killing on a big night. …The male-female essence is called yin, and this is also the name of yin. Obscene names have also been used for a long time since the beginning of the people. If the name is not changed, it will be regarded as evil by habit. At the beginning of Xiangshi’s life, he was accustomed to using prostitution as a grand ritual for court invitations and banquets. He went to all the temples and cities, and to the crowds of people, such as the Chinese people bowed and knelt down, and the Western countries hugged their waists. If you kiss, who knows that you are an evil person? [34]
Tan’s sophistry and bravery are just like this. It has nothing to do with the origin of ancient customs. It is not a symbol or a mere convention. also.
If the union between men and women is only for the sake of friendship, the family will surely disintegrate. Nanhai talks about the harm to the family and says:
Although the villagers entertained each other, the housewives responded, the children were caressed, the family members were intimate, and the sound of the Bo River was heard, All I saw were in distress. Or a widow cries in the night when she misses her husband; Or an orphan cries from poverty and hunger; Or an old man has no clothes and supports his staff at the bottom of a tree; Or a sick woman has no quilt and lies on the stove eyebrow; Or a sick woman begs with a bowl and calls out. No return. If it is expensive or rich, then the brothers’ surnames will be separated from each other by the wall, and the wife, aunt, Di Si, uncle and sister-in-law will be connected to the river, and they will be miserable and miserable. The name is Taiping, but in fact, all the houses in the world are filled with resentment and conflicting hearts, which are poisoned by the yellow mist and clog the world. Woohoo! People suffer from homelessness. What a harm it is to have a home! [35]
I have lived in the countryside for almost thirty years, and all I have heard is the voices of women and aunts scolding each other, the sisters-in-law and uncles complaining, and brothers fighting. The state of evil. [36]
Nanhai even lists more than ten harms to the family, saying:
Those who live in a disorderly manner will We all need tools to support each other, but the greatest harm in the peaceful world is separation. [37]
Nanhai also regards the family as the greatest unfettered oppression and the root of troubles and the source of suffering. When the family is destroyed in the future, “everyone will be independent.” Above the world, unencumbered by others, it is always the greatest freedom from restraint.”[38] Otherwise, family will be the biggest obstacle for human beings to enter the peaceful world. “Family is necessary in troubled times and peaceful times, and it is also the biggest obstacle in the peaceful world. To seek peace by doing harm is a common denominator.” Desperate to arrive at the harbor In Tongjin. If you want to achieve peace and be harmless, you are just like carrying earth to dredge the river and adding fuel to put out the fire. The more you go, the more obstacles you will have. Therefore, if you want to achieve peace, the beauty of independence and goodness, you can only go to the country. It’s just home” [39].
The harm to the family is such that the Datong society will eventually eliminate the family. Even if there is still some kind of family form, it is just a man and a woman living together. , as for other ethical relationships, especially the family relationship between father and son, they can be dissolved through the social upbringing of offspring. The key to a modern family is not the relationship between husband and wife, but the natural feeling between father and son. In fact, she guessed it right, because when her father approached Mr. Pei and revealed that he planned to marry his daughter to him in exchange for saving his daughter’s life, , Mr. Pei immediately shook his head and refused without hesitation, and becauseWith this comes responsibility. Therefore, if you want to destroy the family, you must kill this natural emotion. At present, we can see that with the changes in people’s lifestyle and rhythm and the high development of socialization methods, this natural emotion has gradually become indifferent.
Nanhai also theoretically demonstrates that the relationship between father and son is true:
The original essence is everything in the world, They are not born of parents, but parents can only take the essence of the world to form offspring. …The souls of children and the souls of their parents are often roughly different in nature. Over time, their souls will become incompatible with each other, and the nature of their love will also change. [40]
Therefore, he categorically denies the responsibility requirements of traditional ethics for future generationsJamaica Sugar, “Public law prohibits parents from blaming their offspring for filial piety, and offspring cannot blaming parents for their kindness. Do people have the right to stand on their own feet?” [41], “The nature of father and son is to educate and work hard, but humans are not humans. Being capable is that humans are born from heaven and rely on the living bodies of their parents to become human beings. They are not acquired by their parents. Everyone is directly subordinate to heaven and no one can control the self-reliance of one person. How can one be selfless? “[42].
Since a human being is born and raised by his parents, the parents will have love and affection, and the offspring will have longing and yearning. This is all natural. If once abandoned, Not only is it unethical, but it is also against the wishes of human beings. Therefore, Nanhai advocates using the power of society to gradually eliminate families, “making people unable to endure the loss of their hair and having the joy of going home.” As for the government, it should assume the responsibility of public support, public education, and public care. In this way, “the care of life and death are all governed by the government, and they have nothing to do with a person’s parents and future generations. Parents have nothing to do with their future generations.” , uneducated It is a waste of money. Moreover, the children are rarely separated from their parents, and they do not know each other. They are naturally homeless before they become rich. They have not shown any favors and have not betrayed them. They have been very smooth and have received them. Very safe” [43]. Moreover, in order to compensate parents for their labor of childbirth, appropriate rewards are given to pay off the debts owed by offspring to their parents, thereby achieving the public law of “equality between elder and younger”.
Although, Nanhai still affirms the value of the family relationship between father and son in “The Book of Datong”:
Therefore The way of father and son is the best way for human beings to pass on seeds; the way of father and sonJamaica Sugar DaddyLove is the ultimate reason why human beings thrive; the selfishness of father and son is the wonderful reason why the human body grows. If there is no love and no selfishness, the human race will be destroyed; if there is extreme love and selfishness, the human race will prosper. Therefore, there are people all over the earth, and they all follow the path of father and son. That’s it! Extremely good! The relationship between father and son is even more contemptuous! Therefore, parents’ hard work is not a huge favor! The body is born from them, and the body is nurtured by them. If you work hard and take care of yourself, the child will mature; without parents, there is no way to be born, and without parenting, there is no way to mature… There is no greater kindness than parents, so the reward should be important. ResponsibleFor the Son of Man. [44]
As for Westerners, this is not the case. The offspring of their parents “never have to live together to raise children, have no concerns about sleeping, eating, and drinking habits, and have no illnessJM Escortsmeans “[45]” [45], and the parents are dependent on their offspring’s minors. They have the labor of childbirth and the joy of playing, just like the Chinese, but they are quite unwilling to give birth to children, and they die. , they often leave property to their father-in-law instead of passing it on to future generations.
From Nanhai’s point of view, Westerners don’t pay much attention to family, so they stay away from other people. Quasi-fantasy is closer. However, although there is a family, the concept of public ownership still exists, and the East is only progressing to a peaceful age. If there is peace in the world, all selfishness must be eliminated and the family must be destroyed.
On the contrary, traditional Confucianism tries to exaggerate this emotion. Yongzheng’s “Holy Edicts and Guangxun” has an excellent sermon on this, which is very touching:
Fang Qi has not left his arms, he cannot feed himself when he is hungry, he cannot feed himself when he is cold. I can’t control myself. As a parent, you should listen to your voice and look at your behavior. If you laugh, you will be happy, if you cry, you will be worried. If you move, you will not leave. If you are sick, you will not sleep or eat, so as to nourish and teach. As for adults, they are exhausted mentally and physically due to the burden of raising a family, psychological planning, and various business operations. The virtues of my parents are the same as those of Haotian. If the son of man wishes to repay his parents’ kindness by any chance, he should do his best within himself and with all his strength externally. Use your body and soul with integrity, serve with diligence, and educate yourself. Don’t play games and drink, don’t be brave and fight ruthlessly, don’t be good at goods and wealth, and keep your wife private. [46]
It can be seen that the ancients attached great importance to the family, and it was out of necessity because of human feelings. Therefore, all family responsibilities are from this life.
To eliminate the family, we must not only eliminate the natural emotions of human beings, but also must achieve equality between men and women. Nanhai said:
Is the whole world tired of wanting to go home? Since the Ming Dynasty, men and women are equal and each has independent rights. This is the right given to humans by Heaven. Is the whole world trying to harm private property? Since the Ming Dynasty, men and women have been equal and independent. This is the right given to humans by Heaven. Want to fight over national borders? Since the Ming Dynasty, men and women have been equal and independent. This is the right given to humans by Heaven. Do people all over the world want to fight in the species realm? Once it became clear that men and women are equal and independent, this is the right given to humans by Heaven. Does the whole world want to achieve a world of great harmony and peace? Since the Ming Dynasty, men and women have been equal and independent. This is the right given to humans by Heaven. Do people all over the world want to reach the world of ultimate bliss and the path to eternal life? Once it became clear that men and women are equal and independent, this is the right given to humans by Heaven. Do people all over the world want to refine their gods and nourish their souls without birth or destruction, without increasing or decreasing? Since the Ming Dynasty, men and women have been equal and independent. This is the right given to humans by Heaven. Do you want your spiritual energy to travel across the heavens, endlessly and infinitely? Once men and women are equal and each is independent, then this is the right given to man by Heaven. I have acquired the techniques of great harmony and peace, eternal bliss, immortality, immortality, traveling in the heavens, and limitless techniques, in order to save my compatriots all over the worldJamaica SugarIt is only God who gives us human rights and equal independence! If we do it early, we will be happy early, but if we do not do it late, there will be suffering but no happiness. How sad is the suffering in life all over the world? , Would you rather live it than seek happiness? [47]
Here, the South China Sea even faces all human problems. Including all aspects of society, politics, and life, they are all dependent on the realization of equality between men and women. Today, the authorities and scholars regard equality between men and women as “political correctness” and regard it as an indisputable truth. As for the elimination of the illusion of family, it goes against thousands of years of tradition. , then it is a crime to be deeply tabooed, and it will lead to endless disputes in the family.
Nanhai even believes that in the age of peace, heterosexuality will be allowed, and its nature is the same as heterosexuality, embodying the unrestrictedness, equality and independence of men and women. [48] Nanhai said. ：
In a world of peace, men and women are equal, everyone is independent, everyone is not restrained, the clothes are the same, and the positions are the same. There is no difference between men and women. If it is based on prostitution, , then the woman and Male intercourse, male to male intercourse, is the same. … If there is sexual intercourse between a man and a woman or between two men, they must go to the official to make a contract to prevent them from fighting. However, if a man has sex with an animal, it will lead to chaos in the spiritual world. As a result, we have to regress and have to be strict [49]
Today, there are quite a lot of scholars arguing about this, but it was a truly amazing person who was able to develop the South China Sea a hundred years ago.
In Nanhai, equality between men and women constitutes the main criterion for the evolution of the three generations. Nanhai said:
In the past, our country still abided by Confucius’ law of controlling chaos. In the age of chaos, we have been conservative for too long, which has caused disadvantages over time. The backlog has become so large that the people are extremely difficult. Now it is time to reach peace. The king and his ministers are not separated and become equal; the noble and the humble are not isolated and become equal; men and women are not suppressed and become equal; good people and slaves are not separated and become equal; everyone strives for self-reliance and gradually becomes equal; everyone seeks self-reliance and gradually becomes equal. Peace, everyone seeks to be free from restraint and gradually become more peaceful. All other ways of evolution, in order to achieve destiny in this world, are all things that should be done today [50]JM Escorts
Human beings have gone from chaos to peace and prosperity, not only monarchs and ministers, Jamaicans EscortBetween the noble and the humble, the same is true for men and women:
“Gu Liang Biography”: If a woman doesn’t know how to do it, it’s not right. . According to the system of troubled times, the distinction between men and women is respected in order to promote the inheritance of race. When all human beings become equal and enlightened, all human beings can communicate with each other and meet each other. In the peaceful world, everyone, regardless of gender, will be independent and self-reliant, and they will be able to meet each other in the same way as the original people in Taichu. , and the most contrary to the chaotic world, this is the principle of the cycle of human nature…This is all based on the meaning of chaos. No matter what country, it must go through this system and evolve. Although it does not lead to peace, it is also the same as human nature. Since Shengping, everyone has looked at it and thought that women were alone in suffering. However, actual education takes time and is a last resort. Saints can only do it according to the time. If you exceed the precautions before the time of peace comes, it is fornication; if you forcibly restrain yourself after the time of peace comes, it is suppression. [51]
Because the distinction between men and women is based on the chaotic system, men are suppressed and cannot socialize, so they believe in the relationship between father and son. In the Shengping and Taiping eras, men and women gradually became equal, and there was no separation between men’s inside and outside. Although they had social intercourse, they did not need to engage in adultery. [52]
This is why human beings, both at home and in the country, should gradually achieve equality. “In times of chaos, the king of men takes over all power; in a time of peace, the king of men bows and does nothing; in a world of peace, everything is equal.” , demoted to the emperor, there is no king to speak of.” [53] It is also said that “Every time there is a change, benevolence will be advanced; benevolence will remove its suppressive power and make everyone self-reliant and equal, so it is called Shengping. When it comes to peace, everyone will be equal and self-reliant, far and near.” The size is as small as the same, and benevolence is the most extreme” [54].
The ancients guarded against internal and external barriers. Although it was a defense against adultery, men were actually inferior to men. In this chaotic world, men should not be allowed to have sex with each other. On state affairs. Nanhai believes that this will not be the case until Shengping and Taiping. Nanhai said:
In the age of peace, women’s school opens at night, and women become wise. Jamaicans SugardaddyThe state system is constitutional, and the owner has no responsibilities. He does not suffer from theft of the Jiaofang and the eunuch temple, and he cannot indulge in justice and indulge in desires to disrupt the country. … This meaning of changing the world and changing customs cannot be based on arbitrary arguments. If in a time of peace, men and women are all indistinguishable, they will also learn the same thing, they will be leaders, teachers, and people who discuss state affairs. In the troubled times, it will go to the extreme. This is natural. [55]
This theory is the same as Marxism. Marxism believes that the development of capitalist industry will eliminate the physical and even intellectual differences between men and women, thereby preparing the conditions for the true realization of equality between men and women.
However, Nanhai believes that equality between men and women is a universal law, and it would be extremely harmful if practiced in the contemporary era. , and arbitrarily citing the example of women’s independence to indulge their husband’s lustful feelings is the way to cause chaos. Summer, Ge, and winter fur have their own times, and the author does not want to corrupt the custom before the time comes. You don’t want to take the blame yourself” [56]. If MarxismJamaicans Escortism is different, it will turn the fantasy of communism into a realistic reactionary movement and claim to be scientific, but , once the communist movement encountered setbacks, its illusions were also criticized. Compared with the cautious approach in the South China Sea, why not be too radical!
Nanhai also believes that when mankind reaches peace and prosperity, “men and women will have the same clothes, and their beards and hair will be the same, and there will be no difference” [57]. What a vision! Nowadays, not only are men without beards, but they also lack hair, and neutrality is regarded as beautiful.
Because of this characteristic of traditional Chinese society, Nanhai has not published the “Book of Datong” since he wrote it. Due to repeated requests from his students, a small part of it was published in the second year of the Republic of China, but it only touched on general principles and political ideals, Parts A and B. The other parts, that is, his most intense social ideals, were not published until the 24th year of the Republic of China, eight years after his death. [58] However, Marxism, which has similar propositions, has already occupied a dominant position in Chinese thought, and Kang’s works have not been taken seriously.
South China Sea has many similarities with Marxism, especially on social issues such as marriage and family. Because Marxism seeks to transcend nature and be unfettered, it takes socialization as its ultimate goal. Material production, human production, and even many aspects of individual life must be socialized. In simple terms, this is communism and shared wives. .
However, after all, human beings have not been able to enter a communist society, and it is impossible to implement communism at present. However, Marxists seem unable to resist this kind of The grand temptation of fantasy is that scientific socialism not only regards communism as a fantasy, but also turns it into a realistic reactionary practice: on the one hand, it pursues complete private ownership in the field of material production, and on the other hand, it attempts to destroy tradition. Family and its ethics.
However, we have also seen that reactionary Marxists are extremely jealous of their opponents’ criticism of the communal wife system, so they insist that it is not subject to Restricted sex must be monogamous. However, this is just an assumption. Because judging from the history of mankind, unrestrained sex in matrilineal societies is ultimately linked to group marriage.
Nanhai also advocated private ownership, believing that “to achieve great unity today, we must turn over people’s private property. All agriculture, industry, and commerce must be returned to the public.” National LocationJamaicans Escorts are all privately owned, and people do not have access to public property but trade privately.” [59] He also criticized the economic exploitation of capitalism, saying, “The industrial dispute has become particularly serious in recent years because of the creation of machines, which have deprived all small workers. . . . Those who can make the machinery of a big factory must have a big capitalist to do it. Nowadays, a large manufacturing plant, a large railway and shipyard, a large shopping mall and even a large farmer’s house are all owned by large capitalists. Each factory has thousands of small workers who depend on it, and the capitalists have regained control. Depending on whether the minor workers are serious or not, the rich will become richer and the poor will become poorer.”[60] Nanhai also claimed that its propositions were consistent with Marx’sHowever, this ideal of great harmony was not yet implemented at that time, and Russia used force and even terror to pursue it, which was insufficient, but China followed suit, which was enough to destroy China. [61]
Nanhai also advocates the elimination of classes, “The system of classes is the most contrary to the meaning of ordinary life and even hinders it. The cruelty of righteousness cannot be more harmful than class. If the system of class is not completely cleansed but eliminated, the suffering of the lower class will be endless, and human nature will never reach the ultimate happiness.” [62] This is particularly consistent with the purpose of Marxism to seek the self-restraint of the proletariat.
As for the demise of the country, Nanhai is also similar to Marxism. Nanhai listed the tragedies of wars at home and abroad in ancient and modern times, saying that “the beginning of a nation’s human nature is out of helplessness, but it is a harm to others, and there is nothing as grand as this” [63], so , “Today we want to save lives In order to achieve the benefits of peace and the common good of great harmony due to the tragic disasters of the people, one must first break down national boundaries and pursue national justice.” [64] “In a world of great harmony, the whole world will be unified without any territory. There is no difference in race, no Jamaica Sugar‘s military war” [65]. In this regard, the South China Sea envisages the possibility of a world government, and as for the countries, it is even better than the Jamaicans Sugardaddy federal ear. Nanhai said:
If the territory of the country is eliminated, each establishes its own state and county, and is unified under the public authority, it will be like the “is there a third reason?” system in America and Switzerland. Yes. Public authorities have been established, national boundaries are disappearing, and the names of kings are disappearing. Gradually, the land became unified, and the countries were changed into states and counties, which were unified under the public government of the whole land, and were unified by the people’s elected members and administrators. Small authorities are set up in various places, such as Mei and Rui. At that time, there were no countries, no emperors, everyone loved each other, everyone was equal, and the world was public. This was called Great Harmony. This union brings peace to the world. [66]
As for the citizens, they all become “citizens of the world”. “The troubled times are the world of love for the race, the peace is the world of the struggle for the unity of the races, and the peace is the world.” a href=”https://jamaica-sugar.com/”>Jamaicans EscortEverything is the same, regardless of race, there is no race to speak of, and there is no need to establish justice.” [67] In this regard, Liang Qichao believed that “moderate prosperity is nationalism, and Datong is cosmopolitanism” [68].
Tan Sitong also made a similar argument, saying that “the great unification of the Qing Dynasty means that there should not be a country among the world”, and also said that “it is not just about making wishes” To save our own country, as well as the extremely prosperous Western Kingdom, Fu Hansheng and the like, everything must be saved…Don’t say that you are a member of a certain country, you should look at all countries equally, they are all their countries, and they are all their people.” [69]
Nanhai also regards the elimination of the family as an important step in the demise of the country:
I want to go home, but let’s endow today with the meaning of human rights. Both men and women are equally independent. Marriage is no longer called a couple, it can only be a peace treaty made over time. After sixty years, all human beings in the world will have no family, no privacy between husband and wife, father and son, no one can pass on their inheritance, and all their gold, silver and utensils will be left to others. If the farmland, factories, and commercial goods are all returned to the public, the world of great harmony will be achieved. Since people all over the world have no homes, it will be difficult to move to other countries and achieve great harmony. [70]
Human beings have their own families, which led to the formation of public ownership and the eventual collapse of the clan. It was on the basis of the ruins of the clan that the country was established. Therefore, if you want to destroy the country, you must first destroy the family.
It can be said that the commonality between Marxist social fantasy and political ideal is that individuals become truly unfettered people. This is the key to national career. In general, the same is true in family life; and then on this basis, an unfettered union of unfettered people is realized. Both the country and the family are such unions. When people are so unrestrained, their unions are also extremely loose, so the country will eventually perish and the family will eventually disintegrate. In the future of human life, individuals may meet occasionally due to the natural desires that cannot be eliminated between different genders. As for the existence of a country, the reasons for possible occasional unions are unknown and almost unknown.
Today, the theory of human rights is booming, and the young are clinging to it against their elders, often putting families at risk of disintegration. America also holds a high position with the statement that “human rights are higher than Jamaicans Sugardaddy sovereignty”, which means that it wants to assume the power of the world government, but it will inevitably start an endless war. What a disaster. Great Harmony is the eternal dream of mankind. Marx is conditioned by the solution of economic problems, while Nanhai hopes to solve family problems.
Therefore, Liang Qichao believed that Kang’s philosophy was “socialist philosophy”. In this regard, Mr. Liang said:
The imaginary country actually has no country; the imaginary family actually has no family. What if there is no country and no family? It is nothing more than integrating the country and family into society, so it is called socialist philosophy. Therefore, all its principles are based on social improvement. [71]
Also discusses “The Book of Datong”:
The most important thing is to destroy the family. Some people say that Buddhism is a hair loss, and in order to escape suffering, it is better to make it homeless; it is said that public property is the source of strife, and if there is no family, who will be happy and have private property? If it is a country, it will be destroyed along with the family. This is the ultimate trajectory of human evolution. How can we get to this point? It’s not even a word. … When Youwei wrote this book, he had no one to rely on and no one to suppress him. Thirty years ago, his fantasy was incompatible with the so-called contemporary world.Most doctrines and socialists are consistent with the agreement, but Chen Yi is too high. Woohoo! He is truly a heroic man. [72]
In fact, Liang himself was quite inclined to socialism. He once published an article “Intervention and Allowance”, which was full of expectations for the future of socialism: “Society If the outsider is pure and resigned, the inner essence is interventionist. The people who will unite are like a machine, with a switchboard that twists and turns, and seeks for dissatisfaction. It is also clear that socialism will be great in the 20th century. Therefore, it is said that the 20th century is an era of complete victory of interventionism. “[73] Liang’s discussion of the essence of socialism with “intervention” can be said to be profound and pity. Today’s Marxist theorists are confused by the Eastern theory of unfettered democracy and slander the planned economy to the point where they are digging their own graves. It’s a shame!
However, Xiao Gongquan did not agree with this view. He believed that Kang Youwei could only be a socialist, but compared with Sun Yat-sen’s “Three People’s Principles” , Chen Duxiu’s ideal socialist tendency in “New Youth”, and Hu Shi’s “unfettered socialism” are more radical and can be called “democratic communism”, which is different from Marxism. . However, no matter what, Chinese thought before and after the 20th century all have a common tendency, which is what Mao Zedong said: “Looking to the East for the truth” [74]. However, Xiao Gongquan still believes that the South China Sea “may also pave the way for the rise of communist ideas and systems” [75].
Comments
[1] Afterwards, he traveled to Germany in the South China Sea and observed the success of Luther’s teaching. He concluded that both indulgence and abstinence were not good practices, and advocated that desires should be directed according to the situation. He said, “The desire of men and women is born in heaven. Who can stop it? It must be stopped by force, and it must be blocked, just like the rivers and rivers, but it will not be possible, so don’t take advantage of the situation.” (Kang Youwei: “Travel Notes in Germany”, “Selected Works” VII, p. 409)
[2] However, in the actual communist movement, we What is seen is a puritanical view of lust. This view of lust later evolved into a broad proletarian morality. In fact, it was not suitable for Marxism’s design of the relationship between men and women in future society. Generally speaking, reactionaries suppress their own passions purely out of military needs. This has always been the case from ancient times to the present. It is not only proletarian reactionaries who are made of special materials and can resist such petty bourgeois passions. The problem is that after the reaction was successful, the proletariat that won the country never let go of its previous precepts as reactionaries.
[3] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 7, “Selected Works” No. 7, pp. 179-181.
[4] For Nanhai, this is just an illusion of Datong society. Therefore, if this happy era has not yet come, It is still necessary to comply with the currentAll kinds of moral character and laws that restrict human desires. There was no conflict between the two in Nanhai’s personal life. Xiao Gongquan said, “Although he is elegant and does not want to be extravagant, he actually lives a regular life that is contrary to permissiveness. Although he appreciates the appearance, his behavior still remains Don’t fall into the trap of being a gentle and polite person.” (Xiao Gongquan: “Research on Kang Youwei’s Thoughts”, page 21) It can be said that Nanhai still completely abides by etiquette and customs in terms of personal ethics, although his thoughts are so bold and pioneering.
Compared with Nanhai, Marxism seems eager to turn communist fantasy into a communist movement. This is where its self-proclaimed scientific nature lies. If Nanhai did not want to publish “The Book of Datong” during his lifetime, it was precisely because he estimated the huge destructiveness of the ideas in it. However, Marxism seemed too eager to break this evil old world, and seemed too eager to use weapons to criticize this ugly world. Therefore, once the fantasy turns into a realistic movement, on the one hand, the communist movement completely subverts the tradition, and on the other hand, when reality continues to deviate from the fantasy, it just gives its opponents an excuse.
[5] “Why, I can’t stand it anymore?” Mother Lan rolled her eyes at her daughter. She was helping her. Unexpectedly, her daughter’s heart turned to her son-in-law after only three days of marriage. Kang Youwei: “An Examination of the Great Meaning and Weiyan of Spring and Autumn” Volume 3, “Selected Works” VI, Page 83.
[6] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 2, “Selected Works” No. 7, page 76.
[7] Kang Youwei: “The Encyclopedia of Practical Principles of Public Law Couples”, “Public Law”, “Selected Works” No. 1, page 149.
[8] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 2, “Selected Works” No. 7, page 77.
[9] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 2, “Selected Works” No. 7, pages 59 and 60.
[10] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong”, Shanghai: Zhonghua Book Company, 1935, page 241.
[11] Liang Qichao regarded “men and women living together as the immediate future” as the first point of “The Book of Datong”, and deeply endorsed it, thinking that “Chen “Higher righteousness” than today’s cosmopolitans and socialists. Qian Mu believed that the Kang family was just “accidentally aware of the unrestricted Western marriage system, and therefore spoke highly of it.” He also said that Kang’s theory of destroying the family and genocide was by no means “without support.” Thinking about the origin, “In China, it is the absurdity of Zhuangzi’s fables, the universal love of Mozi, and the uniqueness of Europe and America, coupled with the vastness of Shi, and Confucius alone.” (Qian Mu: “China’s Recent Three Hundred Academic History”, Volume 2, pp. 737, 738) Qian’s statement is not objective at all., because the evolution of Chinese society has become more and more equal between men and women, and the blood affiliation has become more and more unified with the region. The evolution of Chinese society has gradually become more oriental. Therefore, Nanhai said, “Although China’s politics has not evolved for thousands of years, And society is very evolved. If politics does not evolve, the authoritarian regime will hinder it; if society evolves, the authorities will have less interference and the people will develop without restraint.” (Liang Qichao: “The Biography of Mr. Kang of Nanhai”, “Selected Works” No. 12, Appendix 1, page 430)
[12] Kang Youwei: “Practice” “The Encyclopedia of Li Gong Fa·Couple Gate”, “Proportion”, “Selected Works” No. 1, page 14Jamaica Sugar9.
[13] Kang Youwei: “The Encyclopedia of Practical Principles and Public Law·Couple Gate”, “Proportion”, “Selected Works” No. 1, page 149.
[14] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 2, “Selected Works” No. 7, page 77.
[15] Kang Youwei: “The Encyclopedia of Practical Principles and Public Law·Couple Gate”, “Proportion”, “Selected Works” No. 1, page 150.
[16] Kang Youwei: “The Encyclopedia of Practical Principles and Public Law·Couple Gate”, “Proportion”, “Selected Works” No. 1, page 150.
[17] Kang Youwei: “The Encyclopedia of Practical Principles and Public Law·Couple Gate”, “Proportion”, “Selected Works” No. 1, page 149.
[18] Kang Youwei: “The Encyclopedia of Shili Public Law Couples”, “Shili”, “Selected Works” No. 1, page 149. Nanhai’s criticism of monogamy focuses on men’s public ownership of men. This view is also close to Marxism. (See Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 2, “Selected Works” No. 7, pp. 69-74) Monogamy will inevitably make it impossible for men to remarry easily, resulting in a large number of widows. Nanhai Chang emotionally describes the misery of a widow’s life, which is probably related to her early experience, “Since I was young, I have been walking around in the streets. Every time I see women’s affairs and think about women’s suffering, I feel pity, heartache, and uneasiness” (ibid., p. 66) p. They are all widows, poor and helpless, old and helpless; they have children but cannot support them; they have no children but are deceived by others. They are all without quilts, they are full of years but they are not full…the miserable appearance is indescribable, it is a man’s private property and the harm caused to the public man.” (Ibid., pp. 72, 73)
[19] Kang Youwei: “Practical Public Law: Husband and Wife”, “Public Law”, No. 1 in “Selected Works” , page 149.
[20] Kang Youwei: “Practical Principles of Public Law: Husband and Wife”, “Proportion”, “Selected Works” No. 1, page 150.
[21] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 2, “Selected Works” No. 7, page 53.
[22] Kang Youwei: “An Examination of the Weiyan of the Spring and Autumn Period” Vol.3, “Selected Works” No. 6, page 83.
[23] Shaogong said about this covenant: “A wife wants to be fair and not to be a great evil. There are four meanings for a wife to serve her husband: the rooster crows and the hairpin goes to court, which is the etiquette of the monarch and his ministers; three Compassion in the years is the kindness of father and son; whether it is safe or not, it is the duty of brothers; in the cardinal’s bed, on the bed, the way of companionship cannot be done purely with the duty of a monarch and his ministers. ” Nanhai also said: “Mr. The son and the man are both citizens of heaven, and they are both subject to heaven. They have close friendships and good cooperation. However, if they are equal partners, although they love each other very much, they are one body, each has its own independence, self-reliance, and no restraint. “Human rights are the same.” (Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 2, “Selected Works” No. 7, p. 57) As for today, men and women often make a covenant before getting married.
[24] Kang Youwei: “An Examination of the Great Meanings and Weiyan of Spring and Autumn Period” Volume 3, “Selected Works” VI, page 59.
[25] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 2, “Selected Works” No. 7, page 71.
[26] Kang Youwei: “A Study of Wei Yan of Spring and Autumn Period”, Volume 3, “Selected Works” VI, Page 78.
[27] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 7, “Selected Works” No. 7, No. 18Jamaica Sugar Daddy0, 181 pages.
[28] Kang Youwei: “An Examination of the Weiyan of the Spring and Autumn Period”, Volume 4, “Selected Works” VI, page 114.
[29] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 2, “Selected Works” No. 7, page 76.
[30] Kang Youwei: “An Examination of the Great Meaning and Wei Yan of Spring and Autumn Period” Volume 6, “Selected Works” Sixth, Page 170.
[31] Kang Youwei: “Analects of Confucius” Volume 6, “Selected Works” sixth, page 423.
[32] , the future when she was hurt by her words. “Lan Yuhua said seriously. Kang Youwei: “Illustrations of European and American Schools, Illustrations of Heroic and Evil Scholars at the University of Virginia”, “Selected Works” eighth, page 124.
[33] Kang Youwei: “The Examination of the Great Meaning and Weiyan of the Qing Dynasty” Volume 3, “Selected Works” Sixth, Page 88
[34] Quoted from Liang Qichao: “Introduction to Qing Dynasty Academics”, “Liang Qichao on Qing Dynasty”. Shi Erzhong “, page 76.
[35] Kang Youwei: “Datong Book” No. 1, “Selected Works” No. 7, page 3.
[36] Kang Youwei: “Nian. Ye Tong “Book” No. 3, “Selected Works” No. 7, page 88
[37] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 3, “Selected Works” No. 7, page 91. p>
[38] Liang Qichao: “The Biography of Mr. Kang of Nanhai”, “Selected Works” No. 12, Appendix 1, pages 432 and 433. Xiao Gongquan believes that Nanhai’s attitude towards the family is basically the same. fromThe influence of several reasons: first, the enlightenment given to him by Buddhism since the fifth year of Guangxu (1879); second, the misfortune of his sister’s marriage. He said to himself the pain of being a widow: “Since I was young and orphaned, my widowed mother raised me. A hundred days after my sister got married, her husband died of illness. She had three sons. The husband died in his middle age, and he injured himself because of poverty, and he died after a few years. The cruelty of widows is unparalleled in human nature. , page 26) Third, observations on many family lives. Therefore, Nanhai “although he believes in Confucian ethics, his family is not purely happy after all.” (See Xiao Gongquan: “Modern China and the New World: Research on Kang Youwei’s Reform and Datong Thought”, pages 13 and 14)
[39] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 3, page 91.
[40] Kang Youwei: “Shili Public Law·Parents and Descendants”, “Shili”, “Selected Works” No. 1, page 150.
[41] Kang Youwei: “Practical Public Law·Parents and Descendants”, “Public Law”, “Selected Works” No. 1, page 151.
[42] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 1, “Selected Works” No. 7, page 36.
[43] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 3, “Selected Works” No. 7, pages 92 and 93. Later, Feng Youlan, a New Confucian, also had similar views. In “New Issues”, he believed that with the socialization of production and the abolition of public property, the family will eventually perish. Therefore, the wife is no longer a member of the family, but a member of society, and living with her husband is only a completion of the relationship. It’s just about sexual life, and as for the offspring, they are left to society to raise and educate. Feng’s disagreement with Marxism lies only in class struggle.
[44] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 3, “Selected Works” No. 7, pages 82 and 83.
[45] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 3, “Selected Works” No. 7, page 83.
[46] However, there is a passage in Nanhai that is exactly the opposite of this, “Although birds and beasts love their children, they have not heard of their children in return, and they have not even seen their children.” The retribution of a son is not considered, nor is there a teacher to teach him kindness, nor is there a clear law to order him to love, but he is diligent. When raising children, you must be prepared and prepared, and when they are in trouble, you will sacrifice your life to save them, and those who cry out and mourn are born from the natural and sincere eagerness of your nature. That is…the love for one’s son is rooted in one’s own nature, and one does not have to be forced to do so by teaching, clarifying opinions, or decrees, and one does not begin to act upon seeing retribution.” (Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 3, “Selected Works” No. 7, p. 78) Nanhai Gai believes that the love between father and son comes from their nature, so they have no responsibility for each other. However, traditional Confucian ethics believes that father and son must fulfill their responsibilities to each other. It does not violate this nature, otherwise, it would not be human, or even inferior to animals.
[47] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 6, “Selected Works” No. 7, pages 163 and 164.
[48] There is another reason why Kang advocated heterosexuality, “People with facial features such as flat noses, missing lips, various human imperfections, and tuberculosis “It is not allowed to make a pact between men and women in order to reduce their breeding. If someone desires him, let him report to the official, but it is okay to make a pact about men having sex with each other.” (Kang Youwei: “The Book of Datong” No. 3, “Selected Works” Seventh, Page 112)
[49] Kang Youwei: “The Book of Datong” No. 7 7. “Anthology” Episode 7, page 181.
[50] Kang Youwei: “An Examination of the Weiyan of the Spring and Autumn Period”, Volume 1, “Selected Works”, sixth, page 17.
[51] Kang Youwei: “An Examination of the Great Meaning and Weiyan of Spring and Autumn Period” Volume 3, “Selected Works” Sixth, Pages 65 and 66.
[52] The modern wedding ceremony is a reflection of the equality between men and women. Therefore, Nanhai believes that the wedding ceremony published in “Children” is “the law of the king of “Children”. The first couple, When it comes to weddings, men come first before women. Confucius believed in the equality of men and women, and fought against the oppression of troubled times. ), “Unprecedented in ancient times The etiquette of personal greetings has been respected since ancient times. Confucius first proposed that men should be married to their ministers first, creating the meaning of personal greetings… Later generations used this system to practice personal greetings. This system, then treat them as guests, and treat them as husband and wife The Tao is not bitter.” (Kang Youwei: “Confucius’ Reform”, Volume 9, “Selected Works” III, p. 120), “Mozi is also called the ancestor of the three generations, and those who ridiculed Confucianism welcomed him personally and treated him like a servant, which is why Confucius created the trust Guer”. (Kang Youwei: “An Examination of Confucius’ Reform”, Volume 11, “Selected Works” III, Page 144) He also criticized the modern system of concubines as contrary to the principle of equality between men and women, “In the old system, men and women were equal, but later generations respected yang and suppressed yin, which is Guangbei The concubine’s surname is Fanzi. In Europe and America, one man and one woman are the same as in ancient China.” (Kang Youwei: “Confucius Reform Examination” Volume 9, “Selected Works” Third, Page 121)
[53] Kang Youwei: “The Year of the Pencil Sharpening” “Yi Wei Yan Kao” Volume 1, “Selected Works” VI, page 15.
[54] Kang Youwei: “An Examination of the Great Meaning and Wei Yan of Spring and Autumn Period” Volume 1, “Selected Works” VI, Page 17.
[55] Kang Youwei: “An Examination of the Great Meanings and Weiyan of Spring and Autumn Period” Volume 4, “Selected Works” Sixth, Page 110. Liang Qichao even regarded men’s education as the key to a strong country. “The country with the strongest female education is the strongest. It is beautiful to conquer others without fighting. The country with the second strongest female education is the second strongest country, such as Britain, France, and Germany.” , japan (Japan) is That’s right. When women’s education declines and their mothers lose their education, there are many unemployed people and few intelligent people. Those who survive in the country are lucky. This is the case in India, Persia, and Turkey.” 》) Such arguments can be described as idioticdream.
[56] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 3, “Selected Works” No. 7, page 78.
[57] Lu Naixiang and Lu Dunbiao: “The Biography of Mr. Nanhai”, “Selected Works” 12th, page 468.
[58] Nanhai Chang said about this, “In the past I wrote three books, called “An Examination of the Official System”, “On Material Salvation of the Nation”, and “On Financial Management to Save the Nation”. I thought I could mention the three. , China is rich and powerful, and then the founding of the country will not be restricted. I have never dared to talk about autonomy, equality, etc. I have written “The Book of Datong”, and I have thought about all the future events in the world; but I have not dared to talk about reaction, republic, and society. . Don’t you know that it will happen in another day, and summer Ge Dongqiu is not suitable for use at the right time?” (Kang Youwei: “The Theory of China’s Destruction of Crisis in France, Europe and the United States and the Abandonment of National Essence”, “Selected Works” 10, p. 142) He also said that “when the world changes, I am not as talented as a word, and I am very careful about it.” . Then the new learning came into being, and the richness of European and American theory suddenly came into being. I was so immersed in this wonderful thing that I had no time to think about its shortcomings, nor did I think deeply about whether it was suitable for China. I was deeply angry at the government’s injustice and thought that there was a way to save it, so I spent all my time selling new products from Europe and the United States. The rare treasures that are imported from abroad will be used to create new things for the whole country. The students were angry and the government sympathized with them, and when they suddenly saw the novelty of the imported medicine, they all thought that taking it could revive the dead and bring them back to life. So they promoted European beauties to be unfettered, autonomous, equal, revolutionary, republican, and democratic. The Lord says, the sun is as bright as the ocean and the light years are At night, they were sold and sold, which led to the great chaos of today, which led to the abandonment of the national quintessence of France, Europe and the United States, which led to the insecurity of fathers and sons, and the collapse of Confucianism. The soul of Mexico’s subjugated country is looking for war.” (Kang Youwei: “On the Way of Following Europe and America”, after July 1916, “Selected Works” 10, p. 345) Nanhai’s use of “Datong Shu” is not consistent with China’s reality, if JM Escorts “An Examination of the Official System”, “Material Salvation of the Nation” and “Financial Salvation of the Nation” are the books on how to become rich and strong. In this regard, Liang Qichao said: “Although Youwei wrote this book, he kept it secret and never taught it to others. He said that in today’s troubled world, we can only talk about well-off society, not Jamaicans EscortIf you can’t talk about great unity, you will plunge the world into a scourge… Youwei has always said that we should save the contemporary world with a well-off society. Regarding political issues and social moral issues, it is our mission to maintain the old status quo. Inventing a new fantasy, thinking that it is perfect and beautiful, but not willing to realize it, and Try your best to resist and contain it; the weirdness of human nature cannot be overcome.” (Liang Qichao: “Introduction to Qing Dynasty Academics”, “Liang Qichao on Two Types of Qing Dynasty Academic History”, p. 67) Zhang Bozhen, “Nanhai Kang”. “The Biography of the Master” also says: “Now that the book is written, I think that the governance of Datong is beyond our ability to do today. If we do it suddenly, I’m afraidIt is suitable to cause chaos, so I keep my manuscript secret and do not want to show it to others. ” (“Selected Works” 12th, Appendix 3, page 497) Wang Rongzu said about this, “The reason why Kang has not published this book is because he is afraid that what he said will have inappropriate consequences, such as being anti-family and breaking national boundaries. , and the elimination text “Distinguishing similarities and differences, social classes, public property, racial oppression, etc., are all inflammatory, so Kang made them without announcing them”. (Wang Rongzu: “Late Qing Reform Thoughts Series”, pp. 49, 50)
[59] Kang Youwei: “The Book of the Great Harmony” No. 6, “Selected Works” Volume 7, pages 156 and 157
[60] Kang Youwei: “The Great Harmony”. “Song Book” No. 6, “Selected Works” No. 7, page 154.
[61] See Kang Youwei: “Letter to Wu Peifu and Others”, February 1926, page 417. Kang’s political and social views are quite close to socialism, which is almost universally recognized. As for its economic theory, scholars think it is close to capitalism. For example, Yang Xiangkui said that Kang could not distinguish between capitalism and socialism ( See Yang Xiangkui: “Kang Youwei and Jinwen Jingxue”, “Academic Collection of Translation Room”, Jinan: Qilu Publishing House, 1989, pp. 1-15) Tang Zhijun also believes that the fantasy society envisioned by Kang is not “public property” and “public property”. A “classless” society basically does not go beyond the scope of capitalism. (See Tang Zhijun: “Improvement and Reaction in ChinaJamaicans EscortHuai—Jamaicans Escort—Kang Youwei and Zhang Taiyan “, pp. 116-121) This explanation fails to see the origin of socialism and capitalism. Instead, they both rely on the influx of material wealth and the elimination of obstacles that hinder the development of productive forces as a basis for societyJM EscortsBasic goals for society development
[62] Kang Youwei: “The Book of Datong” No. 1, “Selected Works” No. 7, page 38
[63] Kang Youwei: “The Book of Datong” No. 1. 5. “Selected Works” Seventh, page 127.
[64] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong”, No. 5, “Selected Works”, page 128.
[65] Kang Youwei: ” Datong book “No. 7, “Selected Works” No. 7, page 164
[66] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 5, “Selected Works” No. 7, page 130.
[67] Kang Youwei: Volume 3 of “A Examination of Weiyan’s Writings on Days and Days”, Volume 6 of “Selected Works”, page 68
[68] Liang Qichao: “The Biography of Mr. Nanhai Kang”, “Selected Works”. 》Twelve, Appendix 1, page 428.
[69] Quoted from Liang Qichao: “Introduction to Qing Dynasty Academics”, “Liang Qichao on Two Types of Qing Academic History”, page 77.
[70] Kang Youwei: “Book of Datong” No. 6, “Selected Works” No. 7, page 163.
[71] Liang Qichao: “The Biography of Mr. Nanhai Kang”, “Selected Works”, Volume 12, Appendix 1, page 433.
[72] Liang Qichao: “Introduction to Qing Dynasty Academics”, “Liang Qichao on the Two Types of Studying History in the Qing Dynasty: “A girl is a girl, look, we are almost home!”, p. 67.
[73] Contained Jamaica Sugar Daddy “Xin Min Cong Bao” No. 17, October 1902 2nd.
[74] Xiao Gongquan: “Research on Kang Youwei’s Thoughts”, pp. 331-336.
[75] Quoted from Wang Rongzu: “Kang Zhang He Lun”, page 63.